Introduction Human activity has drastically affected the natural world, leading to the loss of biodiversity, deforestation, pollution, and climate change. While some people believe that these negative effects are...
Faglig kvalitetssikret av lærere og toppstudenter · Følger læreplanen (LK20) · Sist oppdatert 2026-09-06
This guide provides a detailed analysis of how to write a high-scoring argumentative essay on human activity and its impact on plants and animals, featuring a complete model text and examiner insights into what separates a good response from an excellent one.
The topic of environmental degradation and humanity's role in it is a recurring theme in English exams for VG1, VG2, and VG3. It directly addresses core curriculum aims related to understanding global challenges, social conditions, and ethical dilemmas. Examiners frequently use prompts that require you to discuss, argue, or reflect upon issues like climate change, biodiversity loss, and sustainability. For example, a past exam might ask you to "Discuss the view that environmental problems are too big for individuals to solve and that only governments and large corporations can make a difference." This topic tests your ability to construct a balanced argument, use precise vocabulary related to environmental science and policy, and structure your thoughts logically in a formal academic essay.
An effective argumentative essay relies on a clear structure and specific rhetorical components. Understanding these terms is the first step toward building a compelling argument. The model essay below uses all of these elements effectively.
| Concept | Definition | Example from the model essay |
|---|---|---|
| Thesis Statement | A single sentence in the introduction that clearly states the main argument or position of the essay. It acts as a roadmap for the reader. | "This essay will discuss both perspectives before arguing that although some damage is permanent, effective action and international commitment can still bring meaningful improvement to the environment." |
| Topic Sentence | The first sentence of a body paragraph that introduces the main idea or point of that paragraph. It should directly support the thesis statement. | "Those who claim that human destruction of nature cannot be reversed often point to the massive scale of environmental degradation already done." |
| Argument | A point or reason used to support the thesis. Each body paragraph should develop a distinct argument. | Paragraph 3 presents the argument that humans are capable of repairing environmental damage, using historical successes as proof. |
| Counterargument | An argument that opposes the writer's thesis. Acknowledging a counterargument demonstrates a balanced and nuanced understanding of the topic. | Paragraphs 1 and 2 present the counterarguments: that the damage is irreversible and that human intervention often creates new problems. |
| Evidence/Example | Specific facts, statistics, or well-known examples used to support an argument and make it credible. | "The banning of harmful chemicals like CFCs has helped the ozone layer heal, showing that coordinated global action can produce results." |
| Rebuttal | The writer's response to the counterargument, explaining why their own position is more convincing. | The entire second half of the essay (paragraphs 3 and 4) serves as a rebuttal to the pessimistic views presented in the first half, arguing for the potential of positive change. |
The following text is a well-structured argumentative essay that addresses a complex environmental issue. We will use it as a basis for understanding the techniques required for a top grade. Notice how it balances different viewpoints before reaching a clear conclusion.
Human activity has drastically affected the natural world, leading to the loss of biodiversity, deforestation, pollution, and climate change. While some people believe that these negative effects are irreversible and that humanity has already crossed the point of no return, others argue that it is still possible to reverse the damage through global cooperation and sustainable practices. This essay will discuss both perspectives before arguing that although some damage is permanent, effective action and international commitment can still bring meaningful improvement to the environment.
Those who claim that human destruction of nature cannot be reversed often point to the massive scale of environmental degradation already done. Industrialisation, urbanisation, and deforestation have led to the extinction of thousands of species, many of which can never be restored. For instance, the extinction of the passenger pigeon and the Tasmanian tiger are permanent losses that demonstrate the irreversible consequences of human negligence. In addition, the melting of glaciers and rising sea levels caused by global warming are processes that, once started, are difficult to halt completely. These people believe that the scale of the problem is simply too large for human solutions, given our dependence on technology, energy, and consumption.
Another reason for pessimism is that human intervention often creates new environmental problems. For example, large-scale tree planting projects can unintentionally harm native ecosystems if non-native species are introduced. Similarly, technological solutions such as geoengineering carry risks that could further destabilize natural systems. From this viewpoint, even our best efforts to repair the environment are limited by our incomplete understanding of nature’s complexity. Furthermore, political and economic barriers—such as lack of funding and international cooperation—make large-scale restoration efforts difficult to implement effectively.
On the other hand, many people believe that humans are capable of changing course and repairing much of the damage. History provides examples of successful environmental recovery. The banning of harmful chemicals like CFCs has helped the ozone layer heal, showing that coordinated global action can produce results. Likewise, reforestation projects in countries such as China and Costa Rica have demonstrated that ecosystems can regenerate when given proper protection. Advances in renewable energy and stricter environmental laws have also reduced pollution and slowed deforestation in some regions. These positive examples illustrate that, while not everything can be fixed, targeted actions can prevent further damage and restore balance to many ecosystems.
A crucial factor in reversing environmental harm is public awareness and government regulation. When people are educated about the consequences of their actions—such as overconsumption, waste, and plastic use—they are more likely to change their behaviour. Governments can also play a vital role by enforcing conservation laws, investing in clean energy, and supporting scientific research. International cooperation, such as the Paris Climate Agreement, highlights the potential of collective action in addressing global environmental challenges. Therefore, with strong leadership, technological innovation, and widespread environmental education, human activity can gradually shift from being destructive to restorative.
In conclusion, while it is true that some damage to the environment—such as species extinction—cannot be undone, it would be overly pessimistic to assume that all hope is lost. The success of various environmental initiatives around the world proves that human beings are capable of positive change. Through education, innovation, and global cooperation, we can still protect many species, restore ecosystems, and build a sustainable future. Thus, although not all damage can be reversed, meaningful action can still lead to a healthier planet for future generations.
“It is often said that governments spend too much money on projects to protect wildlife, while there are other problems that are more important. Do you agree or disagree?”
Writing a strong argumentative essay requires avoiding several common traps that can weaken your analysis and lower your grade. …